Kazakhstan is the large state in the centre of Eurasia. In the north borders on Russia, on the east — on China, on the south — with Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, in the west it is washed by Caspian Sea. Kazakhstan during all history was transit area for the countries surrounding it and people. Now the country is in a zone of geopolitic interests of the leading countries of the world. The territory of modern Kazakhstan has been occupied by Turkic tribes from VIII century. In ХIII a century Kazakhstan was a part of empire of Mongols and was in it up to VIII century. In the beginning of XVI century the first Cossack groups have based settlements along the river Ural and eventually have extended on territory of northern part of modern Kazakhstan, however till 30th years of XIX century Russia did not undertake active actions on colonization of Kazakhstan. In 1830th years the Russian army has organized a campaign on the south, and by 1866 all territory of modern Kazakhstan was under authority of Russia. In 1918 in east part of Kazakhstan the autonomous republic has been proclaimed, however shortly it was grasped by Bolsheviks who in 1920 have proclaimed autonomous republic in territory of Kazakhstan. Till 1936 it was Independent Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1936 was a part of the USSR as union republic. On December, 16th, 1991 Kazakhstan has proclaimed independence. The country is a member of the United Nations, the CIS, and OSCE. The state system is: the head of the state is the President.
The legislature is two-chamber parliament (the Senate and Medzhlis). |
